Working in close scientific collaboration, French and American researchers show that
mechanisms at the origin of life also resemble mechanisms used by cancer cells to
jeopardize life.
From the very first days on the pregnancy, the survival of the embryo depends on the
placental cells that surround it and allow its implantation into the uterus. To allow this
implantation, placental cells must develop specific capabilities: they migrate and invade
tissues of the mother, while escaping her immune system, as it could reject and destroy the
embryo.
A research team at Institut Curie, working in France with teams at the French
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), the French National Center for
Scientific Research (CNRS), Université Paris Descartes and Université Pierre et Marie Curie,
as well as in the United States with a team at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard
Medical School, studied placental cells to gain insight in the mechanisms underlying their
astonishing capabilities.
Among the 23,000 genes contained in each of our cells, these
mechanisms – namely “epigenetic mechanisms” – select particular genes, which expression
allow placental cells to support life. No life without harmonious operations within placental
cells.
Intriguingly, these French and American researchers have shown that several mechanisms
used by placental cells to play their role foreshadow mechanisms that could later be
leveraged by cancer cells for migrating, invading organs and escaping immunity, thereby
jeopardizing patients’ life.
This work that has just been featured in the scientific journal Epigenetics (1) had been mainly
conducted by a young scientist of Institut Curie, Dr. Akpéli Nordor, who has been commuting
for the past three years between the Parisian labs of Dr. Thierry Fournier, a placenta expert,
Pr. David Klatzmann, an immunology expert, and Pr. Dominique Bellet, a cancer expert, and
the Bostonian lab of Dr. Martin Aryee, an expert big data analysis applied to epigenomics
and genomics.
This pilot study opens exciting perspectives as it shows that research on placental cells can
lead to new insights regarding cancer. In a clinical setting, studies performed on the placenta
had already led to major discovery in oncology: one of the more striking example is the initial
description in the placenta of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a molecule targeted by
immunotherapies that are currently revolutionizing the management of various cancers (2,3).
In philosophical terms, the similarity between mechanisms used by placental cells, that
support the very first steps of life, and cancer cells, that can jeopardize it, offers us an
occasion for reflection on the value of human life and on its inherent fragility.
Noteworthy, the research program that led to the surprising results today has been funded
since its inception not only by public institutions but also by private donors committed in
supporting high risk research programs. This highlights once again the pivotal role of
philanthropy in supporting audacious scientific programs (4-6).
References:
(1) A. V. Nordor, D. Nehar-Belaid, S. Richon, D. Klatzmann, D. Bellet, V. Dangles-Marie, T.
Fournier & M. J. Aryee « The early pregnancy placenta foreshadows DNA methylation
alterations of solid tumors. » Epigenetics, 2017.
(2) Couzin-Frankel J. « Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer immunotherapy. »
Science, 2013.
(3) H. Dong et al. « B7-H1, a third member of the B7 family, co-stimulates T-cell proliferation
and interleukin-10 secretion. » Nature Medicine, 1999.
(4) C. Leaf « Why We're Losing the War on Cancer—and How to Win It. » Fortune,
9 mars 2004.
(5) G. Colata. « Grant System Leads Cancer Researchers to Play It Safe. » The New York
Times, 28 juin 2009.
(6) A. Maxmen. « Taking risk to transform science. » Cell, 2009.